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Abstract: To date, race’s place in early twentieth-century British and Canadian youth penal
reform remains unexplored in criminological histories. Yet rich histories of class and gender
contribute to our understanding, by linking past and present. Scholars continue to reiterate a
need to historicize contemporary concerns about race, crime, and punishment, beyond the
American context. Indeed, extant scholarship draw attention to Black youth’s increasing
rates of incarceration, exposing the normalization of extreme punishment for this
demographic.